UK 2012 ‘Crypto’ outbreak linked to ‘ready-to-eat’ salad products: HPA
A May 2012 Cryptosporidium outbreak, which sickened some 300 people over a three day period, has been linked to eating pre-cut bagged salad products which are likely to have been labelled as ‘ready-to-eat’, according to a Health Protection Agency (HPA) press release March 19.
Image/CIA
All parts of Great Britain with the exception of Wales, London and the South West of England recorded elevated levels of Cryptosporidium sp reporting during May 2012. The areas that recorded the greatest increases were Yorkshire and the Humber, North East, East Midlands, West Midlands and Scotland.
The principal epidemiological association emerging from the study linked infection due to the outbreak strain of C. parvum with consumption of ready to eat pre cut mixed salad leaves from a major supermarket chain. There is much weaker evidence that smaller amounts of contaminated salad, possibly spinach, were distributed through a second supermarket chain.
According to a Telegraph report, many of the salads are believed to have been bought from Morrisons and Asda supermarket chains.
They report that a sample of 25% of those who became unwell found 46% recalled eating mixed leaf bagged salad from the Morrisons, while 11% ate spinach from the Asda chain.
Dr Alison Gleadle, director of food safety at the FSA, said: “We’d like to remind everyone of our usual advice to wash all fruits and vegetables, including salad, before you eat them, unless they are labelled ‘ready-to-eat’. It’s also important to wash hands thoroughly as well as clean chopping boards, knives and other utensils between preparing raw and ready-to-eat foods to prevent cross contamination.”
Cryptosporidium is a protozoan parasite of both medical and veterinary importance. There are two species associated with human infection; Cryptosporidium parvum and C. hominis.
Cryptosporidium oocysts Photo/CDC
This parasite is present worldwide and has been identified in fecal samples from people in over 50 countries. In developed countries, cryptosporidiosis prevalence is less than 5% while in the developing world prevalence can reach up to 20 percent.
Cryptosporidium affects the epithelial cells of the human gastrointestinal tract and other tissue such as the respiratory tract. It can also parasitize over 45 species of vertebrate including birds, fish, reptiles and mammals.
Infection with Cryptosporidium represents a wide range of severity from asymptomatic infections to life-threatening diarrhea. Asymptomatic infections are a likely source of infection for other people.
The diarrhea is profuse and watery and is associated with abdominal cramps. In immunologically healthy people symptoms may come and go and is typically cleared in less than a month.
In people who cannot clear the parasite (HIV), the infection can be prolonged and can lead to death.
Infection with Cryptosporidium is typically transmitted by the fecal-oral route; fecally contaminated water or food and person-to-person contact.
The parasitic stage that is infectious is called the oocyst. This stage of the parasite is immediately infectious to others. The amount of oocysts that is required to cause is infection is quite low (10-30 oocysts) and can survive in chlorine treated water.
People at most risk for infection are young children, animal handlers, travelers, men who have sex with men, and close contacts of infected people like family members and day care workers.
There have been several outbreaks of Cryptosporidiosis seen worldwide with most being associated with recreational water, day care centers and drinking water contamination. The most notorious is the outbreak in Milwaukee in 1993 where 400,000 people got infected through the water plants filtration system.
Though cryptosporidiosis in immunocompetent people is typically self-limiting, a large, rapid loss of fluid is treated with fluid replacement and Nitazoxanide. In HIV infected individuals, nitazoxanide or a combination of several drugs may be required to decrease the diarrhea.
Laboratory diagnosis of cryptosporidiosis can be through finding the oocysts microscopically in the patients stool, by the use of enzyme immunoassay procedure or PCR.
What can be done to prevent infection with Cryptosporidium?
• Good hygienic practices like handwashing and not swimming when sick with diarrhea
• Appropriate treatment or avoidance of contaminated water. Filtering or boiling water, avoid swallowing water while swimming.
• Taking precautions while traveling
• Avoiding exposure to feces during sex.
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